Allergens are substances that trigger an abnormal immune response in susceptible individuals. Allergens are classified into several categories based on their origin:
Inhalant Allergens
These allergens are found in the air and are the main cause of respiratory allergies, such as asthma and rhinitis. They include:
- Dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae)
- Pollen from plants such as grasses, olive trees, and cypress trees
- Mold spores (Cladosporium, Alternaria)
- Animal dander, from pets like dogs and cats
Food Allergens
Common in both children and adults, they include:
- Milk, eggs, and wheat (in childhood)
- Nuts, peanuts, shellfish, and fish (in adults)
Contact Allergens
These cause contact dermatitis. Examples include:
- Nickel (found in jewelry)
- Latex (gloves)
- Fragrances and cosmetics
Medication Allergens
Certain medications, such as penicillin, anti-inflammatories, and anesthetics, can trigger allergic reactions.
Insect Allergens
Stings from bees, wasps, and fire ants can cause severe reactions, including anaphylaxis.
Relevance in Spain
In Spain, the most common allergens include dust mites and pollen from grasses and olive trees, particularly in warmer regions. Additionally, the prevalence of food allergies has increased in recent decades, with nuts and milk being the primary triggers in children.
Identifying and controlling allergens is crucial for the effective management of allergies and improving the quality of life for patients.
